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5 things to know for Dec. 4: Chaos in South Korea, Gender-affirming care, Pete Hegseth, Middle East, Voyager 1

12 月 4 日需知的 5 件事：韩国乱象、性别肯定关怀、皮特・赫格塞斯、中东、“旅行者 1 号”

By Andrew Torgan, CNN

5 minute read

Published 6:53 AM EST, Wed December 4, 2024

South Korea's main opposition Democratic Party leader Lee Jae-myung, lawmakers and people attend a rally to condemn the South Korean president’s surprise declaration of martial law.

Kim Hong-Ji/Reuters

韩国主要反对党共同民主党党首李在明、议员以及民众参加集会，谴责韩国总统出人意料地宣布戒严一事。

金弘智 / 路透社

martial/ˈmɑːʃəl/|CET6+ TEM8

1.ADJ Martial is used to describe things relating to soldiers or war. 军人的; 军事的

• The paper was actually twice banned under the martial regime.

这份报纸在军人统治时期确实曾两次被禁。

court martial

1.N-VAR A court martial is a trial in a military court of a member of the armed forces who is charged with breaking a military law. 军事法庭的审判

• He is due to face a court martial on drugs charges.

他将因毒品指控面临军事法庭的审判。

2.V-T If a member of the armed forces is court martialled, he or she is tried in a military court. 受军法审判

• I was court martialled and sentenced to six months in a military prison.

我受到了军事法庭的审判，被判在军事监狱服刑6个月。

希腊神话中，战神阿瑞斯（Ares）是主神宙斯和天后赫拉的儿子，爱神阿芙洛狄忒的情人，掌管战争。他相貌英俊，孔武有力，性格残暴好斗，象征着战争的野蛮杀戮。阿瑞斯性格暴戾，其他神祗和人类都不喜欢他。他的生身父母也不喜欢他。在《伊里亚特》中，宙斯对阿瑞斯说：“在所有住在奥林匹斯山的神中，你最令我作呕，你除了争吵、战争和打仗之外什么也不喜欢。你遗传了你母亲赫拉的固执和难管束的性情。” 在希腊神话中，战神屡吃败仗。他曾被两个巨人塞进青铜大瓮，囚禁13月之久，若不是他兄弟赫尔墨斯的营救，他早已丧生其中。他与两个妹妹，即智慧女神雅典娜和月亮及狩猎女神阿尔忒弥斯经常发生矛盾，但基本上每次都被她们狠狠修理。在特洛伊战场，他主动挑衅雅典娜，结果被雅典娜用一块石头砸伤脖子。凡人英雄赫拉克勒斯杀了他的儿子，阿瑞斯向他挑战，结果被英雄打伤，呻吟着回到奥林匹斯山。 可以说，在崇尚和平和文艺的古希腊，战神就是外强内干，备受嘲弄的草包。这也反映了当时希腊诸城邦之间的相互关系。战神是斯巴达的保护神，雅典娜是雅典的保护神。与精于文艺的雅典人相比，沉默寡言的斯巴达人对希腊神话中的影响力极低，导致在希腊神话中战神屡屡被雅典娜欺负。 不过到了古罗马时期，战神却时来运转了。在罗马神话中他被称为马尔斯（Mars）。 因为罗马人崇尚武力，所以战神在罗马神话中地位极高，三月（March）和火星（Mars）都以他的名字命名。单词march还表示“进军”，因为古罗马人认为三月份是开始进军打仗的好季节。从战神的名字中还产生了martial（战争的）这个单词。

Mars：[mɑːz] n.战神，火星。

march：[mɑːtʃ] n.三月v.进军

martial：['mɑːʃ(ə)l] adj.军事的，战争的，尚武的。

martial art：武艺。

CNN — A history of lead in gasoline may be behind tens of millions of mental health conditions in the US, according to new research. Cars ran on gasoline containing lead starting in the 1920s, and the US did not begin phasing out the substance until the 1980s — after substantial evidence of harm over the decades — according to the Energy Information Administration.

美国有线电视新闻网（CNN）—— 新的研究显示，汽油中含铅的历史可能是美国数千万心理健康问题产生的背后原因。据美国能源信息署称，自 20 世纪 20 年代起，汽车就开始使用含铅汽油，而美国直到 20 世纪 80 年代 —— 在历经数十年有充分危害证据之后 —— 才开始逐步淘汰这种物质。

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1. South Korea

South Korea has been plunged into political chaos in the hours since the country’s embattled president declared martial law but was forced to lift the decree amid widespread condemnation. South Korean President Yoon Suk Yeol declared martial law in an unannounced late-night TV address on Tuesday, accusing the country’s main opposition party of sympathizing with North Korea and anti-state activities. But soon after, lawmakers forced their way past soldiers into parliament and voted to block the decree. Since then, six opposition parties have submitted a bill calling for Yoon’s impeachment. The main opposition Democratic Party, meanwhile, said it plans to file treason charges against the president, as well as the defense and interior ministers.

decree/dɪˈkriː/|CET6 TEM4

decreeing decreed decrees

1.N-COUNT A decree is an official order or decision, especially one made by the ruler of a country. 法令

• In July he issued a decree ordering all unofficial armed groups in the country to disband.

7月份，他颁布了一项法令，命令解散该国所有非官方武装团体。

2.N-COUNT A decree is a judgment made by a law court. 判决

• …court decrees.

…法院的判决。

3.V-T If someone in authority decrees that something must happen, they decide or state this officially. 发布命令

• The government decreed that all who wanted to live and work in Kenya must hold Kenyan passports.

政府下令要求所有想在肯尼亚居住和工作的人必须持有肯尼亚护照。

impeachment/ɪmˈpiːtʃmənt/ 来自古法语empeechier,来自拉丁语impedicare,抓住，锁上脚链，im-,进入，使，pedica,脚链，词源同foot,expedite.原义为阻止，防止，后引申词义控告，弹劾。

N-VAR The impeachment of a senior official is the process of charging them with a crime that makes them unfit for office. 弹劾; 控告

• There are grounds for impeachment.

有数个弹劾的理由。

treason/ˈtriːzən/|CET6+ TEM4

N-UNCOUNTTreason is the crime of betraying your country, for example, by helping its enemies or by trying to remove its government using violence. 叛国罪

• They were tried and found guilty of treason.

他们受到了审判并被处以叛国罪。

1352年英国议会制定的Statute of Treasons(叛逆法)将treason区分成high treason(重判逆罪)和petit treason（轻判逆罪）两大类。High treason指叛国罪，即对国家或君主所犯下的各种罪行；petit treason指妻杀夫、仆杀主等行为。

Treason原指“背叛”和“不忠”，但在现代英语一般多指“叛国（罪）”或“通敌（罪）”。Treason和tradition系同源姐妹词，都源于拉丁语tradere‘hand over, deliver’的派生词traditio. 不同的是，treason在13世纪转借自古法语traison，取的是traditio的引申义handing over treacherously(背叛)，而tradition则是以后直接借自拉丁语，取 traditio的另一个引申义teaching（教导）或tradition（传统）。另两个英语单词traitor(叛徒)和betray究其根源，亦源自拉丁语动词。

韩国

自韩国陷入困境的总统宣布戒严，但在遭到广泛谴责后被迫撤销该法令以来，韩国已陷入政治混乱状态。韩国总统尹锡悦在周二深夜一次未事先宣布的电视讲话中宣布戒严，指责该国主要反对党同情朝鲜以及从事反国家活动。但不久之后，议员们冲破士兵阻拦进入国会，并投票阻止了这一法令。自那以后，六个反对党提交了一份要求弹劾尹锡悦的议案。与此同时，主要反对党共同民主党表示，其计划对总统以及国防部长和内政部长提出叛国指控。

2. Gender-affirming care

The Supreme Court will dive headfirst into the politically fraught issue of transgender rights today when it hears a challenge to Tennessee’s ban on gender-affirming care for minors in the highest-profile case of the fall. Attorneys for the Biden administration and transgender youth in Tennessee will press the justices to declare the 2023 law an unconstitutional form of sex discrimination, while the state’s lawyer plans to argue that lawmakers were justified in restricting medical care for residents under the age of 18. The conservative-majority court will examine the law at a critical time for transgender Americans. Since 2020, Republican-led states around the country have passed a wave of laws regulating the lives of trans Americans, with a particular focus on minors. Depending on how the court rules, similar prohibitions on gender-affirming care — and, potentially, other laws targeting transgender people — would be at risk of falling altogether or receiving a powerful endorsement from the high court.

headfirst/ˈhɛdˈfɜːst/

ADV If you move headfirst in a particular direction, your head is the part of your body that is furthest forward as you are moving. 头向前地

• He had apparently fallen headfirst down the stairwell.

他看上去是从楼梯井口头朝下摔下来的。

性别肯定关怀

美国最高法院今日将一头扎进充满政治争议的跨性别者权利问题当中，届时它将审理对田纳西州禁止为未成年人提供性别肯定关怀这一禁令发起的挑战，这是今年秋季最受瞩目的案件。拜登政府的律师以及田纳西州的跨性别青少年将向大法官施压，要求宣布 2023 年的这项法律是一种违宪的性别歧视形式，而该州的律师则计划辩称，立法者限制 18 岁以下居民的医疗服务是合理的。在这个对美国跨性别群体而言的关键时刻，由保守派占多数的最高法院将对这项法律进行审查。自 2020 年以来，美国各地由共和党主导的州通过了一系列规范跨性别者生活的法律，尤其聚焦于未成年人。根据最高法院的裁决情况，类似的性别肯定关怀禁令 —— 以及可能其他针对跨性别者的法律 —— 将面临完全被废除或者得到最高法院有力支持的风险。

How a Supreme Court case could affect the future of transgender youth health care

03:30 – Source: CNN

最高法院案件如何影响跨性别青少年医疗保健的未来

时长：03:30 来源：美国有线电视新闻网（CNN）

3. Pete Hegseth

President-elect Donald Trump’s choice of Pete Hegseth to run the Defense Department is in jeopardy amid questions from some key GOP senators over whether he’s fit for the job. The pressure is forcing Trump’s team to maneuver behind the scenes to avoid a second Cabinet pick from collapsing amid a Republican revolt, all while alternate names for Defense secretary begin to emerge should Hegseth falter. No Republicans have said they would not support Hegseth, but even some of the GOP senators closest to Trump, including Sen. Lindsey Graham, are now wondering whether Hegseth can survive the tightrope walk to confirmation — sending an ominous signal for the incoming White House. Hegseth, who has denied any wrongdoing, is under intense scrutiny amid a series of misconduct allegations, including a sexual assault allegation from 2017, which he has denied and in which no charges were filed.

manoeuvre/məˈnuːvə/|CET6 TEM8

拉丁语“手工劳动者”的短语为manu operari, 在中古拉丁语中(动词)词汇化为manuoperare,进入古法语为manovrer,现代法语为manoeuvrer,于18世纪被英语借用。古法语manovrer进入盎格鲁-诺曼底语为mainoverer,进入中古英语为maynoyre或manour,意义为“管理土地”、“耕作土地”,16世纪出现为manure,意义为“粪肥撒播于耕作的土地上”。

词根词缀： -man-手 + oeuver 同源词：manure /məˈnʊr/

manoeuvring manoeuvred manoeuvres

1.V-T/V-I If you manoeuvre something into or out of an awkward position, you skilfully move it there. (熟练地) 移动

• That will allow them to manoeuvre the satellite into the shuttle's cargo bay.

那将使得他们能把人造卫星移入飞船的货物舱。

• I manoeuvred my way among the tables to the back corner of the place.

我在那些桌子间穿行，来到那地方后面的角落。

2.N-VAR Manoeuvre is also a noun. 移动

• The chopper shot upward in a manoeuvre matched by the other pilot.

这架直升飞机向上冲去，另一架飞机也以相同的移动方向冲了上去。

3.V-T/V-I If you manoeuvre a situation, you change it in a clever and skilful way so that you can benefit from it. 操控

• The president has tried to manoeuvre the campaign away from himself.

总统试图操控该活动，使其远离自身。

4.N-COUNT Manoeuvre is also a noun. 操控手段

• The company announced a series of manoeuvres to raise cash and reduce debt.

这家公司宣布了一系列筹措现金、减少债务的手段。

5.N-PLURAL Military manoeuvres are training exercises which involve the movement of soldiers and equipment over a large area. 演习

• Allied troops begin manoeuvres tomorrow to show how quickly forces could be mobilized in case of a new invasion.

盟军部队明天开始演习，来展示一旦发生新的入侵，军队能以多快的速度集结起来。

皮特・赫格塞斯

当选总统唐纳德・特朗普选择皮特・赫格塞斯执掌国防部一事陷入危机，一些关键的共和党参议员对他是否胜任这一职位提出质疑。这种压力迫使特朗普团队在幕后设法应对，以避免第二位内阁人选因共和党内的反对而落空，与此同时，如果赫格塞斯出现状况，国防部长的备选人员名单也开始浮现。没有共和党人表示他们不会支持赫格塞斯，但就连与特朗普关系最为密切的一些共和党参议员，包括林赛・格雷厄姆参议员，如今都在怀疑赫格塞斯能否顺利通过这场确认的 “钢丝行走”—— 这给即将上任的白宫传递出了不祥的信号。赫格塞斯否认有任何不当行为，但他正因一系列不当行为指控而受到严格审查，其中包括一项 2017 年的性侵指控，对此他予以否认，而且也并未被提起诉讼。

4. Middle East

As strikes conducted by both sides strain a ceasefire between Israel and Hezbollah less than a week since it went into effect, Israel’s defense minister on Tuesday threatened to directly target the Lebanese state should the agreement fall apart. Monday was the deadliest day since that agreement brokered by the US and France came into force, with Israeli strikes killing nine in southern Lebanon after Hezbollah fired at Israeli-occupied territory, citing Israeli truce violations. “If we return to war, we will act with strength, go deeper,” said Israel Katz during a visit to Israeli troops near the Lebanese border. Were the ceasefire to collapse, he said, “there will no longer be any exemptions for the State of Lebanon.”

中东

自以色列与真主党之间的停火协议生效还不到一周，双方发动的袭击就使停火协议变得紧张起来，以色列国防部长周二威胁称，如果协议破裂，将直接把黎巴嫩这个国家作为打击目标。周一是在美国和法国斡旋达成的协议生效后死亡人数最多的一天，此前真主党以以色列违反停火协议为由向以色列占领区开火，随后以色列发动袭击，造成黎巴嫩南部 9 人死亡。以色列国防部长卡茨在视察靠近黎巴嫩边境的以色列军队时表示：“如果我们重新陷入战争，我们将强力出击，加大打击力度。” 他还说，如果停火协议瓦解，“黎巴嫩这个国家将不再有豁免权”。

5. Voyager 1

NASA engineers have successfully restored contact with the deep-space probe Voyager 1, and the spacecraft is operating normally after its dwindling power supply caused a weekslong blackout. The issue began in October when the aging probe automatically switched from its primary X-band radio transmitter and began relying on a much weaker S-band radio transmitter to communicate with its mission team. The farthest spacecraft from Earth, Voyager 1 is currently exploring uncharted territory about 15.4 billion miles away. After some clever problem-solving, NASA was able to switch Voyager 1 back to its X-band transmitter and receive its daily stream of data again starting in mid-November. Launched weeks apart in 1977, Voyager 1 and its twin probe, Voyager 2, continue to defy the odds and explore space more than 47 years after they lifted off.

“旅行者 1 号”

美国国家航空航天局（NASA）的工程师们已成功恢复与深空探测器 “旅行者 1 号” 的联系，在其不断减少的电力供应导致长达数周的失联后，该航天器目前运行正常。问题始于 10 月，当时这架老化的探测器自动从主用的 X 波段无线电发射机切换，开始依靠功率弱得多的 S 波段无线电发射机与任务团队进行通信。“旅行者 1 号” 是距离地球最遥远的航天器，目前正在约 154 亿英里（约 248 亿公里）外的未知领域进行探索。经过巧妙的问题解决，美国国家航空航天局（NASA）得以让 “旅行者 1 号” 重新切换回 X 波段发射机，并从 11 月中旬起再次接收到其每日的数据流。“旅行者 1 号” 及其孪生探测器 “旅行者 2 号” 于 1977 年相隔数周发射升空，在升空 47 年多之后，它们仍在不断突破，继续探索太空。

BREAKFAST BROWSE

Queen Bey is officially the GOATBeyoncé has been named the greatest pop star of the 21st century by Billboard, ahead of Taylor Swift at No. 2 and Rihanna in third. Billboard based the decision “on her full 25 years of influence, impact, evolution.”

Frontier Airlines introducing ‘first class-style’ seatsThe no-frills carrier is getting into the premium seating game with what it’s referring to as “first class-style” seats. Frontier says the “luxurious, spacious seats” will be available in late 2025.

Drone image of young sharks hunting fish wins photo competitionSee the striking image of fish being attacked by sharks in the shallow waters of the Maldives, which has claimed the top prize in this year’s Royal Society Publishing Photography Competition.

Ed Sheeran will be first-ever Western artist to perform in BhutanThe Grammy-winning musician will perform in the landlocked Buddhist monarchy of about 700,000 people located between China and India.

Ohio State and Miami tumble in College Football Playoff rankingsAfter suffering shocking upsets to unranked opponents on Saturday, Ohio State and Miami dropped in the penultimate CFB rankings ahead of conference championship week.

早餐浏览

碧昂丝正式成为 “史上最佳”（GOAT）：碧昂丝被《公告牌》杂志评为 21 世纪最伟大的流行歌星，泰勒・斯威夫特位居第二，蕾哈娜排名第三。《公告牌》杂志是基于她整整 25 年的影响力、冲击力以及发展演变做出这一决定的。

边疆航空公司推出 “头等舱式” 座椅：这家低成本航空公司涉足高端座椅领域，推出了所谓的 “头等舱式” 座椅。边疆航空公司表示，这些 “豪华、宽敞的座椅” 将于 2025 年末投入使用。

幼鲨捕食鱼类的无人机照片赢得摄影比赛：看看马尔代夫浅水区鱼类遭鲨鱼攻击的这张引人注目的照片吧，它荣获了今年英国皇家学会出版社摄影比赛的一等奖。

艾德・希兰将成为首位在不丹演出的西方艺术家：这位格莱美获奖音乐人将在位于中国和印度之间、约有 70 万人口的内陆佛教君主制国家不丹进行演出。

俄亥俄州立大学和迈阿密大学在大学橄榄球季后赛排名中下滑：在周六遭未上榜对手惊人爆冷击败后，俄亥俄州立大学和迈阿密大学在联盟冠军赛周前的倒数第二轮大学橄榄球季后赛排名中名次下降。

TODAY’S NUMBER

563,000That’s how many people were reported missing in the US in 2023, according to the FBI’s Crime Information Center. The largest subgroup of missing persons — 125,390 — includes those who may have left voluntarily, the center’s data shows.

今日数字

563,000

据美国联邦调查局犯罪信息中心的数据，这是 2023 年美国报告的失踪人口数量。该中心的数据显示，失踪人员中最大的群体（125,390 人）包括那些可能自愿离开的人。

TODAY’S QUOTE

“The Constitution provides the President with broad authority to grant reprieves and pardons for offenses against the United States … but nowhere does the Constitution give the President the authority to rewrite history.”— District Judge Mark Scarsi, who oversaw Hunter Biden’s tax case, wrote in a five-page order Tuesday that some of the “representations contained” in President Joe Biden’s statement announcing his son’s pardon “stand in tension with the case record.” Scarsi specifically took issue with Biden’s rationale that his son’s tax problems were all caused by his struggle with alcohol and drug addiction.

今日引语

“宪法赋予总统广泛的权力，可对触犯美国法律的罪行给予缓刑和赦免…… 但宪法从未赋予总统改写历史的权力。”

—— 地区法官马克・斯卡西在周二一份长达五页的命令中写道，他负责审理亨特・拜登的税务案件，他对总统乔・拜登宣布赦免其子的声明中所包含的一些表述 “与案件记录存在冲突”。斯卡西尤其对拜登提出的其子税务问题皆因酗酒和吸毒成瘾所致这一理由表示异议。

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AND FINALLY … 最后还有……

'I'm scared': Pregnant woman calls 911 when her car brakes stop working

01:21 – Source: CNN

“我很害怕”：孕妇刹车失灵拨打 911

时长：01:21 来源：美国有线电视新闻网（CNN）

Pregnant woman calls 911 when her car brakes stop workingA 911 dispatch in Illinois received a call from a pregnant woman whose brakes had stopped working mid-drive. See how police kept her from driving into a nearby lake.

孕妇刹车失灵拨打 911

伊利诺伊州的一个 911 调度中心接到一名孕妇打来的电话，她在驾车途中刹车失灵了。看看警方是如何阻止她驾车冲进附近湖泊的。

文章来源：选自CNN新闻网站

参考译文及笔记：英语老师弗雷德人工手打

转发请标注英文作者，中文翻译者及出处。

英语老师弗雷德践行英语教与学三十年，曾在中国，美国，加拿大多地中小学校任教：上传英语学习笔记，下载文化交际热点；左顾娱乐百相人生，右盼生活五味杂陈。只发布原创首发头条，敬请支持关注！